True or false?

Observational studies are investigations where the researcher manipulates an independent variable.
1. True
2. False
A rule of thumb is that an observation has inter-rater reliability if two observers’ agreements are higher than 50%.
1. True
2. False
Inter-rater reliability involves comparing the ratings of two or more observations on different days.
1. True
2. False
Validity refers to how consistent a measuring device is
1. True
2. False
All types of research involve some element of observation
1. True
2. False
Observational studies always have problems with demand characteristics
1. True
2. False
Validity refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine.
1. True
2. False
A way of improving the reliability of an observational study is to ensure that the observers are well trained.
1. True
2. False
Observational studies tend to be high in ecological validity.
1. True
2. False
A controlled observation occurs when the researchers control some variables.
1. True
2. False
An undisclosed observation (or covert) is a type of observational study whereby the participants are not fully aware that they are being studied
1. True
2. False
A controlled observation is where the researchers design a type of coding scheme to record the participants' behaviour.
1. True
2. False
A structured observation occurs when the researchers control some variables.
1. True
2. False
Event sampling consists of the researcher recoding an event every time it happens
1. True
2. False
The ethical guidelines state that observational research can take place where those observed could normally be expected to be observed by close friends and family members.
1. True
2. False
A common way of assessing the reliability of observations is to carry out the observation again on another day.
1. True
2. False
Time sampling occurs when the researcher decides on a time say 5 seconds and then records what behaviour is occurring a at that time
1. True
2. False
A coding scheme generally provides qualitative data
1. True
2. False
A participant observation does have a problem that the observer may lose some objectivity.
1. True
2. False
An undisclosed observation is a type of observational study whereby the researcher does not join in with the activity being observed.
1. True
2. False
A way of improving the reliability of an observational study is to use inter-rater reliability
1. True
2. False