1.

 

(a) From the study by Dement & Kleitman, give two measures that the researchers made while their subjects were sleeping.

[2]

 

(b) What did their measurements tell them about the pattern of normal sleep?

[2]

2. The data table shown below contains the results from the dream-duration estimates made in the study by Dement & Kleitman. Identify two conclusions that we can draw from the data.

[4]

 

Results of dream-duration estimates after 5 or 15 minutes of rapid eye movements

 

3.

 

(a) From the study by Dement & Kleitman on sleep, what does an electroencephalogram (EEG) record?

[2]

 

(b) Outline one problem with using an EEG to investigate dreaming.

[2]

 

4. From the study by Dement & Kleitman on sleep, give four characteristics of REM sleep.

[4]

5.

 

(a) In the Dement and Kleitman study on sleep, what was the sample?

[2]

 

(b) Explain one problem with this sample

[2]

6. The data table shown below is taken from the study of sleep and dreaming by Dement and Kleitman. Outline two conclusions that can be drawn from this data.

[4]

 

Table showing the incidences of dream recall after awakenings during periods of REMs or periods of NREMS

 

 

7.

 

(a) Identify one of the aims of the study on sleep and dreaming carried out by Dement and Kleitman.

[2]

 

(b) Outline the results of the study in relation to this aim

[2]

8. The study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming) involved participants self reports of dreams and the use of equipment to measure REM and NREM

 

(a) Outline one finding of the relationship between sleep and dreaming

[2]

 

(b) Give one reason why the conclusions of the study might not be valid

[2]

9.

 

(a) In the study on sleep and dreaming, Dement and Kleitman point out that dream recall from NREM was higher if the awakening occurred within eight minutes of the end of REM than if the awaking occurred later. How did they explain this difference?

[2]

 

(b) Outline another possible explanation for this difference.

[2]

10.

 

(a) In their study on sleeping, Dement and Kleitman found some participants recalled dreams following NREM sleep. How did they explain this.

[2]

 

(b) What evidence is there in the study to support this explanation?

[2]

11. In the study on sleep and dreaming by Dement and Kleitman, it is suggested that Rapid Eye Movements (REM) only occur during dreaming. Give one piece of evidence which supports this suggestion, and one piece of evidence that challenges it.

[4]

12. From the study on sleep and dreaming by Dement and Kleitman, outline one way in which the study is low in ecological validity.

[2]

13.

 

(a) Identify two controls used in the study on sleep and dreaming by Dement and Kleitman.

[2]

 

(b) Explain why one of these controls was used.

[2]

14. From the study by Dement and Kleitman on sleep and dreaming:

 

(a) Identify the two substances participants were instructed not to have on the day of the experiment.

[2]

 

(b) Outline one problem with controlling these substances.

[2]

15. In their study on sleep and dreaming, Dement and Kleitman used an EEG (electroencephalograph) to record data. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using this method.

[4]

16. Explain how one control was used in the study on sleeping and dreaming by Dement and Kleitman.

[2]

17. From the study by Dement and Kleitman on sleep and dreaming outline two features of the procedure that increased reliability.

[4]